Correlations between work motivation and psychological defense in individuals with disabilities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2686-9527-2025-7-4-516-530Keywords:
work motivation, psychological defense, defense mechanisms, individuals with disabilitiesAbstract
Introduction. Employment among individuals with disabilities remains a pressing social concern. Despite the availability of vocational rehabilitation and support programs, their effectiveness is often limited by participants’ internal resistance, which is associated with specific characteristics of their motivational sphere and the deployment of psychological defense mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the interrelationships between work motivation and psychological defense mechanisms in individuals with disabilities.
Materials and Methods. The study involved two groups: individuals with disabilities and healthy individuals.
Instruments included the Multifactor Questionnaire for Assessing Work Motivation (Prokhorova & Ovsyannikova) and the Psychological Defense Assessment Technique (Pilyugina & Suleimanov). Data were analyzed using correlation analysis (Spearman’s coefficient) and Mann–Whitney test.
Results. Positive factors of work motivation — such as ‘Professional Growth’, ‘Organizational Assistance in Achieving Goals’, ‘Stable and Secure Job’, ‘Favorable Working Conditions’, ‘Self-Realization’, ‘Interesting Work’, and ‘Meaningful Activity’ — demonstrated inverse correlations with maladaptive defense mechanisms (isolation, compulsive behavior, displacement) and direct correlations with adaptive mechanisms (anticipation and altruism). The negative motivational factor ‘Lack of Career Advancement’ showed a direct correlation with isolation and an inverse correlation with sublimation. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were identified in the structure of work motivation and the patterns of psychological defense mechanisms between healthy subjects and subjects with disabilities.
Conclusions. Recommended areas of psychological intervention include: addressing isolation through training in free emotional expression without harming others and raising awareness of the causes and consequences of one’s own and others’ behavior; addressing displacement and compulsive behavior through identifying destructive unconscious beliefs and attitudes, fostering realistic perceptions of interpersonal relationships and fairness in the distribution of rights and responsibilities, developing willpower, and cultivating a sense of responsibility; and enhancing adaptive mechanisms (sublimation, altruism, and anticipation) through developing psychological competence and self-awareness, fostering constructive behavioral responses, and offering career guidance aimed at socially significant professions. The recommendations can be applied in the practice of psychologists providing professional support to individuals with disabilities.
References
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
Абрамова, М. А., Захарова, Е. С. (2020) Трудовая мотивация и психологические защиты у лиц с инвалидностью. Социальная и клиническая психиатрия, т. 30, № 3, с. 48–55. https://doi.org/10.33864/2412-9680-2020-30-3-48-55
Адлер, А. (1993) Теория и практика индивидуальной психологии. М.: Прогресс, 175 с.
Гапанович-Кайдалова, Е. В. (2018) Организация профориентационной помощи: лекции по дисциплине «Социально-педагогические основы профориентации». Гомель: Изд-во Гомельского государственного университета имени Франциска Скорины, 8 с.
Грановская, Р. М., Крижанская, Ю. С. (1994) Творчество и преодоление стереотипов. СПб.: OMS, 192 с.
Калинина, С. Б, Порхун, Л. В. (2008) Образ «Я» и социальная адаптация подростков посредством психологического тренинга (технологический аспект). Вестник Костромского государственного университета им. Н. А. Некрасова, т. 14, № 4, с. 48–51.
Корнеева, Г. А. (2017) Социально-психологические аспекты инвалидности: от стигматизации к инклюзии. Психологические исследования, т. 10, № 52, с. 10.
Маркина, Н. И. (2015) Мотивация лиц с ограниченными возможностями как фактор их интеграции в современную структуру предприятия. Via scientiarum — дорога знаний, № 2, с. 22–28.
Новожилова, О. В. (2001) Инвалид на рынке труда. Социологические исследования, № 2, с. 130–134.
Петров, В. И. (2018) Психологические аспекты социальной адаптации инвалидов. Социальные и гуманитарные науки: теория и практика, № 2 (22), с. 45–52.
Пилюгина, Е. Р. (2020) Двухмерная классификация механизмов психологической защиты. Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология, № 2, с. 270–280. https://doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2020-2-270-280
Пилюгина, Е. Р., Сулейманов, Р. Ф. (2020) Методика измерения психологической защиты. Экспериментальная психология, т. 13, № 2, с. 194–209. https://doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2020130213
Поддубный, С. К., Куртев, С. Г. (2016) Психология болезни и инвалидности. Омск: Изд-во Сибирского государственного университета физической культуры и спорта, 248 с.
Политова, С. П., Исмаилова, Н. И. (2010) Структура защитного поведения людей, находящихся в трудной жизненной ситуации. Ученые записки Казанского университета. Серия: Гуманитарные науки, т. 152, № 5, с. 213–224.
Прохорова, М. В., Овсяникова, О. М. (2017) Разработка многофакторной методики диагностики мотиваций трудовой деятельности. Психологический журнал, т. 38, № 1, с. 73–97.
Салливан, Г. С. (1999) Интерперсональная теория в психиатрии. М.; СПб.: КСП+; Ювента, 347 с.
Сидоренко, А. В., Сулейманов, Р. Ф. (2023) Вопросы трудовой мотивации лиц с инвалидностью. В кн.: Казанские научные чтения студентов и аспирантов имени В. Г. Тимирясова. Материалы XIII Международной научно-практической конференции студентов и аспирантов, 13–16 декабря 2023 г. В 6 т. Т. 6. Казань: Изд-во Познание, с. 45–46.
Федеральный закон от 28 июля 2021 г. № 219-ФЗ «О внесении изменений в Закон Российской Федерации “О занятости населения в Российской Федерации” и статью 21 Федерального закона “О социальной защите инвалидов в Российской Федерации”» (в ред. Федеральных законов от 14.07.2022 № 273-ФЗ, от 24.07.2023 № 321-ФЗ; с изм. от 01.01.2025). (2021) [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202106280036 (дата обращения 07.12.2025).
Хухлаева, О. В., Хухлаев, О. Е. (2023) Психологическое консультирование и психологическая коррекция. М.: Юрайт, 423 с.
Шац, И. К. (2013) Коррекционная работа по гармонизации стилей воспитания в семьях детей с ограниченными возможностями здоровья. Вестник Ленинградского государственного университета им. А. С. Пушкина, т. 3, № 3, с. 29–36.
Ялом, И. (1999) Экзистенциальная психотерапия. М.: Класс, 576 с.
Corey, G. (2015) Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. 10th ed. Toronto: Nelson Education Publ., 517 p.
Freud, A. (2018) The ego and the mechanisms of defence. London: Routledge Publ., 204 p.
McWilliams, N. (2011) Psychoanalytic diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process. 2nd ed. New York; London: The Guilford Press, 426 p.
Pilyugina, E., Suleymanov, R. (2023) Cinematherapy as a method of correction of a personality psychological defense at a young age. Current Psychology, vol. 43, pp. 1020–1029. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04330-9
Vaillant, G. E. (1994) Ego mechanisms of defense and personality psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.44
Vaillant, G. E. (2000) Adaptive mental mechanisms: Their role in a positive psychology. American Psychologist, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.89
REFERENCES
Abramova, M. A., Zakharova, E. S. (2020) Trudovaya motivatsiya i psikhologicheskie zashchity u lits s invalidnost’yu [Labour motivation and psychological defences in persons with disabilities]. Sotsial’naya i klinicheskaya psikhiatriya — Social and Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 48–55. https://doi.org/10.33864/2412-9680-2020-30-3-48-55 (In Russian)
Adler, A. (1993) Teoriya i praktika individual’noj psikhologii [Theory and practice of individual psychology]. Moscow: Progress Publ., 175 p. (In Russian)
Corey, G. (2015) Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. 10th ed. Toronto: Nelson Education Publ., 517 p. (In English)
Federal’nyj zakon ot 28 iyunya 2021 g. № 219-FZ “O vnesenii izmenenij v Zakon Rossijskoj Federatsii «O zanyatosti naseleniya v Rossijskoj Federatsii» i stat’yu 21 Federal’nogo zakona «O sotsial’noj zashchite invalidov v Rossijskoj Federatsii»” (v red. Federal’nykh zakonov ot 14.07.2022 № 273-FZ, ot 24.07.2023 № 321-FZ; s izm. ot 01.01.2025) [Federal Law No. 219-FZ of June 28, 2021 On Amendments to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation” and to Article 21 of the Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” (as amended by Federal Laws No. 273-FZ of July 14, 2022, and No. 321-FZ of July 24, 2023; with amendments effective January 1, 2025)]. (2021) [Online]. Available at: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202106280036 (accessed 07.12.2025). (In Russian)
Freud, A. (2018) The ego and the mechanisms of defence. London: Routledge Publ., 204 p. (In English)
Gapanovich-Kajdalova, E. V. (2018) Organizatsiya proforientatsionnoj pomoshchi: lektsii po distsipline “Social’no-pedagogicheskie osnovy proforientatsii” [Organization of career guidance assistance: Lectures on the discipline “Social and pedagogical foundations of career guidance”]. Gomel: Francisk Skorina Gomel State University Publ., 8 p. (In Russian)
Granovskaya, R. M., Krizhanskaya, Yu. S. (1994) Tvorchestvo i preodolenie stereotipov [Creativity and overcoming stereotypes]. Saint Petersburg: OMS Publ., 192 p. (In Russian)
Kalinina, S. B, Porkhun, L. V. (2008) Obraz “Ya” i sotsial’naya adaptatsiya podrostkov posredstvom psikhologicheskogo treninga (tekhnologicheskij aspekt) [Self-image and social adaptation of adolescents through psychological training (technological aspect)]. Vestnik Kostromskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N. A. Nekrasova — Vestnik of Kostroma State University, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 48–51. (In Russian)
Khukhlaeva, O. V., Khukhlaev, O. E. (2023) Psikhologicheskoe konsul’tirovanie i psikhologicheskaya korrektsiya [Psychological counseling and psychological correction]. Moscow: Yurajt Publ., 423 p. (In Russian)
Korneeva, G. A. (2017) Sotsial’no-psikhologicheskie aspekty invalidnosti: Ot stigmatizatsii k inkliuzii [Socio-psychological aspects of disability: From stigmatization to inclusion]. Psikhologicheskie Issledovaniya — Psychological Studies, vol. 10, no. 52, р. 10. (In Russian)
Markina, N. I. (2015) Motivatsiya lits s ogranichennymi vozmozhnostyami kak faktor ikh integratsii v sovremennuyu strukturu predpriyatiya [Motivation of persons with disabilities as a factor in their integration into the modern structure of the enterprise]. Via scientiarum — doroga znanij, no. 2, pp. 22–28. (In Russian)
McWilliams, N. (2011) Psychoanalytic diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process. 2nd ed. New York; London: The Guilford Press, 426 p. (In English)
Novozhilova, O. (2001) Invalid na rynke truda [Disabled person in the labor market]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, no. 2, pp. 130–134. (In Russian)
Petrov, V. I. (2018) Psikhologicheskie aspekty sotsial’noi adaptatsii invalidov [Psychological aspects of social adaptation of persons with disabilities]. Sotsial’nye i Gumanitarnye Nauki: Teoriya i Praktika — Social Sciences and Humanities: Theory and Practice, no. 2 (22), рр. 45–52. (In Russian)
Pilyugina, E. R. (2020) Dvukhmernaya klassifikatsiya mekhanizmov psikhologicheskoj zashchity [Two-dimensional classification of psychological defense mechanisms]. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Filosofiya. Psikhologiya. Sotsiologiya — Perm University Herald. Series Philosophy. Psychology. Sociology, no. 2, pp. 270–280. https://doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2020-2-270-280 (In Russian)
Pilyugina, E. R., Sulejmanov, R. F. (2020) Metodika izmereniya psikhologicheskoj zashchity [Method of measuring psychological defense]. Eksperimental’naya psikhologiya — Experimental Psychology, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 194–209. https://doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2020130213 (In Russian)
Pilyugina, E., Suleymanov, R. (2023) Cinematherapy as a method of correction of a personality psychological defense at a young age. Current Psychology, vol. 43, pp. 1020–1029. (In https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04330-9 English)
Poddubnyj, S. K., Kurtev, S. G. (2016) Psikhologiya bolezni i invalidnosti [Psychology of illness and disability]. Omsk: Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sport Publ., 248 p. (In Russian)
Politova, S. P., Ismailova, N. I. (2010) Struktura zashchitnogo povedeniya lyudej, nakhodyashchikhsya v trudnoj zhiznennoj situatsii [The structure of protective behavior of people in difficult life situations]. Uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta. Seriya: gumanit nauki — Kazan Journal of Historical, Linguistic, and Legal Research, vol. 152, no. 5, pp. 213–224. (In Russian)
Prokhorova, M., Ovsyannikova, O. (2017) Razrabotka mnogofaktornoj metodiki diagnostiki motivatsij trudovoj deyatel’nosti [Development of a multifactorial methodology for diagnosing motivation for work]. Psikhologicheskij zhurnal — Psychological Journal, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 73–97. (In Russian )
Sallivan, G. S. (1999) Interpersonal’naya teoriya v psikhiatrii [Interpersonal theory in psychiatry]. Moscow; Saint Petersburg: KSP+ Publ.; Yuventa Publ., 347 p. (In Russian)
Shats, I. K. (2013) Korrektsionnaya rabota po garmonizatsii stilej vospitaniya v sem’yakh detej s ogranichennymi vozmozhnostyami zdorov’ya [Correctional work on harmonization of parenting styles in families of children with disabilities]. Vestnik Leningradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. A. S. Pushkina — Pushkin Leningrad State University Journal, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 29–36. (In Russian)
Sidorenko, A. V., Sulejmanov, R. F. (2023) Voprosy trudovoj motivatsii lits s invalidnost’yu [Issues of labor motivation of persons with disabilities]. In: Kazanskie nauchnye chteniya studentov i aspirantov imeni V. G. Timiryasova. Materialy XIII Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferentsii studentov i aspirantov, 13–16 dekabrya 2023 g. [Kazan scientific readings of V. G. Timiryasov students and postgraduates. Proceedings of the XIII International Scientific and Practical Conference of Students and Postgraduates, December 13–16, 2023. In 6 vols. Vol. 6]. Kazan: Poznanie Publ., pp. 45–46. (In Russian)
Vaillant, G. E. (1994) Ego mechanisms of defense and personality psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.44 (In English)
Vaillant, G. E. (2000) Adaptive mental mechanisms: Their role in a positive psychology. American Psychologist, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.89 (In English)
Yalom, I. (1999) Ekzistentsial’naya psikhoterapiya [The Existential psychotherapy]. Moscow: Klass Publ., 576 p. (In Russian)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Elena R. Pilyugina, Anna V. Sidorenko, Ramil F. Suleymanov
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The work is provided under the terms of the Public Offer and of Creative Commons public license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
This license permits an unlimited number of users to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, including commercial use.
This license retains copyright for the authors but allows others to freely distribute, use, and adapt the work, on the mandatory condition that appropriate credit is given. Users must provide a correct link to the original publication in our journal, cite the authors' names, and indicate if any changes were made.
Copyright remains with the authors. The CC BY 4.0 license does not transfer rights to third parties but rather grants users prior permission for use, provided the attribution condition is met. Any use of the work will be governed by the terms of this license.
