Children as agents of adults’ psychological well-being
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2686-9527-2025-7-1-40-58Keywords:
psychological well-being, hedonia, eudaimonia, existence, personal meaning of a child, terminal meaning of a child, pragmatic meaning of a child, value of childrenAbstract
Introduction. The article presents the results of theoretical and empirical analysis of the role and significance of children in the context of individual life, personal development, and adults’ psychological well-being. It argues that children exert an influence on daily lives and well-being of adults, both as an objective life circumstance and as active co-agents in the life process.
Materials and Methods. The hypothesis concerning the relationship between the personal meaning of a child and the psychological well-being of an adult was tested through empirical studies. The studies involved three participant groups: parents (N = 1965), infertility patients (N = 165), and pedagogical professionals (N = 240). The personal meaning of a child was assessed using the Value of Children Scale and the Semantic Psychobiographic Analysis. The psychological well-being of adults performing parental functions was measured using a variety of scales, including the Life Satisfaction Scale, the Subjective Happiness Scale, the Concise Meaning-of-Life Crisis Questionnaire, the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, the Parental Stress Scale, the Parental Burnout Questionnaire, the Parental Self-Attitude Questionnaire, and the Diagnosis of Activity Experiences. For infertility patients, the Infertility Management Scale was used, while the psychological well-being of pedagogical professionals was measured using the Satisfaction with Career Scale, the Experiences in Vocational Activity Questionnaire, and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale.
Results. The personal meaning of a child for an adult serves as a valid empirical marker of the strength and direction of its impact on psychological well-being. Distinct psychological types of personal meaning highlight the specific roles children play in the lives of adults. A positive meaning indicates that a child is a condition for adult psychological well-being, while a negative meaning reflects that a child contributes to psychological distress in areas such as reproduction, parenthood, and professional pedagogical work.
Conclusions. The findings suggest that children are active co-subjects of life and significant agents in the psychological well-being of adults.
References
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
Асмолов, А. Г., Братусь, Б. С., Зинченко, В. П. и др. (1979) О некоторых перспективах исследований смысловых образований личности. Вопросы психологии, № 3, с. 35–45. EDN: IHSKSF
Бажин, Е. Ф., Голынкина, Е. А., Эткинд, А. М. (1984) Метод исследования уровня субъективного контроля. Психологический журнал, т. 5, № 3, с. 152–162.
Бочавер, А. А., Ахмеджанова, Д. Р., Байрамян, Р. М., Поливанова, К. Н. (2024) Шкала родительского стресса: адаптация на русскоязычной выборке матерей школьников. Социальная психология и общество, т. 15, № 3, с. 202–221. https://doi.org/10.17759/sps.2024150312
Ефимова, И. Н. (2013) Возможности исследования родительского «выгорания». Вестник Московского государственного областного университета. Серия: Психологические науки, № 4, с. 31–40. EDN: RRTXIZ
Карпинский, К. В. (2016) Неоптимальный смысл: психологические тупики жизненного пути личности. Гродно: Изд-во Гродненского государственного университета имени Янки Купалы, 539 с.
Карпинский, К. В. (2019) Психология смысложизненного кризиса. Гродно: Изд-во Гродненского государственного университета имени Янки Купалы, 624 с.
Карпинский, К. В. (2023) Личностный смысл ребенка: что дети значат для взрослых. Гродно: Изд-во Гродненского государственного университета имени Янки Купалы, 515 с.
Карпинский, К. В. (2024a) Личностный смысл ребенка для взрослого как фактор психологического благополучия. Современная зарубежная психология, т. 13, № 4, с. 8–15. https://doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2024130401
Карпинский, К. В. (2024b) Смыслометрический психобиографический анализ. Гродно: Изд-во Гродненского государственного университета имени Янки Купалы, 211 с.
Карпинский, К. В. (2024c) Личностный смысл ребенка и переживание смысложизненного кризиса в ситуации бесплодия. Вестник Государственного университета просвещения. Серия: Психологические науки, № 2, с. 40–55. EDN: HLXEAL
Карпинский, К. В. (2024d) Шкала ценностного отношения к детям: разработка, валидизация, стандартизация. Психология человека в образовании, т. 6, № 4, с. 543–567. https://doi.org/10.33910/2686-9527-2024-6-4-543-567
Карпинский, К. В., Гижук, Т. В. (2017) Психология профессиональной успешности. Гродно: Изд-во Гродненского государственного университета имени Янки Купалы, 169 с.
Кондратьев, М. Ю. (2011) «Значимый другой»: слагаемые межличностной значимости. Социальная психология и общество, т. 2, № 2, с. 17–28. EDN: OIZZON
Кроник, А. А., Кроник, Е. А. (1989) В главных ролях: Вы, Мы, Он, Ты, Я: Психология значимых отношений. М.: Мысль, 204 с.
Кутузова, Д. А. (2006) Организация деятельности и стиль саморегуляции как факторы профессионального выгорания педагога-психолога. Диссертация на соискание степени кандидата психологических наук. М., Московский государственный гуманитарный университет им. М. А. Шолохова, 213 с.
Леонтьев, Д. А. (1999) Психология смысла: природа, строение и динамика смысловой реальности. М.: Смысл, 487 с.
Леонтьев, Д. А., Сучков, Д. Д. (2015) Постановка и достижение целей как фактор психологического благополучия. Психологические исследования, т. 8, № 44. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://psystudy.ru/index.php/num/2015v8n44/300-leontiev44.html (дата обращения 24.12.2024).
Микляева, А. В. (2014) Психология межвозрастных отношений. М.: Перо, 159 с.
Осин, Е. Н. (2012) Измерение позитивных и негативных эмоций: разработка русскоязычного аналога методики PANAS. Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики, т. 9, № 4, с. 91–110. EDN: QYXAPB
Осин, Е. Н., Леонтьев, Д. А. (2017) Диагностика переживаний в профессиональной деятельности: валидизация методики. Организационная психология, т. 7, № 2, с. 30–51. EDN: ZXOYKD
Осин, Е. Н., Леонтьев, Д. А. (2020) Краткие русскоязычные шкалы диагностики субъективного благополучия: психометрические характеристики и сравнительный анализ. Мониторинг общественного мнения: экономические и социальные перемены, № 1 (155), с. 117–142. https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2020.1.06
Салмина, А. В., Карпинский, К. В., Бойко, С. Л. (2024) Разработка и апробация психодиагностической методики «Шкала совладания с бесплодием». Репродуктивное здоровье. Восточная Европа, т. 14, № 3, с. 338–346. https://doi.org/10.34883/pi.2024.14.3.004
Blyth, D. A., Hill, J. P., Thiel, K. S. (1982) Early adolescents’ significant others: Grade and gender differences in perceived relationships with familial and nonfamilial adults and young people. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 425–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01538805
Buhl, H. M. (2009) My mother: My best friend? Adults’ relationships with significant others across the lifespan. Journal of Adult Development, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9070-2
Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M. (2000) The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Diener, E., Oishi, S., Tay, L. (2018) Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6
Fujita, F., Diener, E. (2005) Life satisfaction set point: Stability and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.158
Garbarino, J., Burston, N., Raber, S. et al. (1978) The social maps of children approaching adolescence: Studying the ecology of youth development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01537809
Green, S., Nixon, E. (2020) Children as agents in their worlds: A psychological-relational perspective. London: Routledge Publ., 256 p. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315625911
Grundström, J., Kiviruusu, O., Konttinen, H., Berg, N. (2024) Reciprocal associations between parenthood and mental well-being — a prospective analysis from age 16 to 52 years. Current Psychology, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 2238– 2252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04487-3
Gupta, K. (2022) Parental well-being: Another dimension of adult well-being. The Family Journal, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807221090948
Headey, B. W., Wearing, A. J. (1989) Personality, life events, and subjective well-being: Toward a dynamic equilibrium model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 731–739. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.731
Huppert, F. A., So, T. T. C. (2013) Flourishing across Europe: Application of a new conceptual framework for defining well-being. Social Indicators Research, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 837–861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9966-7
Iasiello, M., Ali, K., van Agteren, J. et al. (2024) What’s the difference between measures of wellbeing, quality of life, resilience, and coping? An umbrella review and concept map of 155 measures of positive mental health. International Journal of Wellbeing, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 3621–3645. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v14i2.3621
Klug, H. J. P., Maier, G. W. (2015) Linking goal progress and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 37–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9493-0
Lerner, R. M. (1982) Children and adolescents as producers of their own development. Developmental Review, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 342–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(82)90018-1
Levison, D., Maynes, M. J., Vavrus, F. (eds.). (2021) Children and youth as subjects, objects, agents: Innovative approaches to research across space and time. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan Publ., 277 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63632-6
McLanahan, S., Adams, J. (1989) The effects of children on adults’ psychological well-being: 1957–1976. Social Forces, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 124–146. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579223
Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., Lyubomirsky, S. (2014) The pains and pleasures of parenting: When, why, and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being? Psychological Bulletin, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 846–895. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035444
Nelson-Coffey, S. K., Stewart, D. (2019) Well-being in parenting. In: M. H. Bornstein (ed.). Handbook of parenting. Vol. 3. Being and becoming a parent. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge Publ., pp. 596–619. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429433214-17
Ng, J. Y. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. et al. (2012) Self-determination theory applied to health contexts: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612447309
Nomaguchi, K., Milkie, M. A. (2020) Parenthood and well-being: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 198–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12646
Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., Foster, C. A. (2003) Parenthood and marital satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 574–583. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00574.x
Umberson, D., Pudrovska, T., Reczek, C. (2010) Parenthood, childlessness, and well-being: A life course perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 612–629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00721.x
REFERENCES
Asmolov, A. G., Bratus, B. S., Zinchenko, V. P. et al. (1979) O nekotorykh perspektivakh issledovanij smyslovykh obrazovanij lichnosti [On the perspectives in research of meaning structures of personality]. Voprosy psikhologii, no. 3, pp. 35–45. (In Russian)
Bazhin, E. F., Golynkina, E. A., Etkind, A. M. (1984) Metod issledovaniya urovnya sub’ektivnogo kontrolya [The method for subjective control study]. Psikhologicheskij zhurnal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 152–162. (In Russian)
Blyth, D. A., Hill, J. P., Thiel, K. S. (1982) Early adolescents’ significant others: Grade and gender differences in perceived relationships with familial and nonfamilial adults and young people. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 425–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01538805 (In English)
Bochaver, A. A., Akhmedjanova, D. R., Bayramyan, R. M., Polivanova, K. N. (2024) Shkala roditel’skogo stressa: adaptatsiya na russkoyazychnoj vyborke materej shkol’nikov [Parental stress scale: Adaptation on the Russian-speaking sample of schoolchildren’s mother]. Sotsial’naya psikhologiya i obshchestvo — Social Psychology and Society, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 202–221. https://doi.org/10.17759/sps.2024150312 (In Russian)
Buhl, H. M. (2009) My mother: My best friend? Adults’ relationships with significant others across the lifespan. Journal of Adult Development, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9070-2 (In English)
Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M. (2000) The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01 (In English)
Diener, E., Oishi, S., Tay, L. (2018) Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6 (In English)
Efimova, I. N. (2013) Vozmozhnosti issledovaniya roditel’skogo “vygoraniya” [Potentials of studying the parent’s “burnout” syndrome]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. Seriya: Psikhologicheskie nauki — Bulletin of Moscow Region State University. Series: Psychology, no. 4, pp. 31–40. (In Russian)
Fujita, F., Diener, E. (2005) Life satisfaction set point: Stability and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.158 (In English)
Garbarino, J., Burston, N., Raber, S. et al. (1978) The social maps of children approaching adolescence: Studying the ecology of youth development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01537809 (In English)
Green, S., Nixon, E. (2020) Children as agents in their worlds: A psychological-relational perspective. London: Routledge Publ., 256 p. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315625911 (In English)
Grundström, J., Kiviruusu, O., Konttinen, H., Berg, N. (2024) Reciprocal associations between parenthood and mental well-being — a prospective analysis from age 16 to 52 years. Current Psychology, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 2238– 2252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04487-3 (In English)
Gupta, K. (2022) Parental well-being: Another dimension of adult well-being. The Family Journal, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807221090948 (In English)
Headey, B. W., Wearing, A. J. (1989) Personality, life events, and subjective well-being: Toward a dynamic equilibrium model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 731–739. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.731 (In English)
Huppert, F. A., So, T. T. C. (2013) Flourishing across Europe: Application of a new conceptual framework for defining well-being. Social Indicators Research, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 837–861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9966-7 (In English)
Iasiello, M., Ali, K., van Agteren, J. et al. (2024) What’s the difference between measures of wellbeing, quality of life, resilience, and coping? An umbrella review and concept map of 155 measures of positive mental health. International Journal of Wellbeing, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 3621–3645. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v14i2.3621 (In English)
Karpinski, K. V. (2016) Neoptimal’nyj smysl: psikhologicheskie tupiki zhiznennogo puti lichnosti [Nonoptimal meaning: Psychological deadlocks on the life path]. Grodno: Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno Publ., 539 p. (In Russian)
Karpinski, K. V. (2019) Psikhologiya smyslozhiznennogo krizisa [Psychology of life-purpose crisis]. Grodno: Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno Publ., 624 p. (In Russian)
Karpinski, K. V. (2023) Lichnostnyj smysl rebenka: chto deti znachat dlia vzroslykh [Personal meaning of a child: What children mean for adults]. Grodno: Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno Publ., 515 p. (In Russian)
Karpinski, K. V. (2024a) Lichnostnyj smysl rebenka dlya vzroslogo kak faktor psikhologicheskogo blagopoluchiya [Personal meaning of a child for an adult as a factor of psychological well-being]. Sovremennaya zarubezhnaya psikhologiya — Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 8–15. https://doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2024130401 (In Russian)
Karpinski, K. V. (2024b) Smyslometricheskij psikhobiograficheskij analiz [Meaningmetric psychobiographical analysis]. Grodno: Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno Publ., 211 p. (In Russian)
Karpinski, K. V. (2024bc) Lichnostnij smysl rebenka i perezhivanie smyslozhiznennogo krizisa v situatsii besplodiya [Personal meaning of a child and experience of a meaning of life crisis in a situation of infertility]. Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta prosveshcheniya. Seriya: Psikhologicheskie nauki — Bulletin of State University of Education. Series: Psychological Sciences, no. 2, pp. 40–55. (In Russian)
Karpinski, K. V. (2024d) Shkala tsennostnogo otnosheniya k detyam: razrabotka, validizatsiya, standartizatsiya [The value of children scale: Development, validation, standardization]. Psikhologiya cheloveka v obrazovanii — Psychology in Education, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 543–567. https://doi.org/10.33910/2686-9527-2024-6-4-543-567 (In Russian)
Karpinski, K. V., Gizhuk, T. V. (2017) Psikhologiya professional’noj uspeshnosti [Psychology of professional success]. Grodno: Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno Publ., 169 p. (In Russian)
Klug, H. J. P., Maier, G. W. (2015) Linking goal progress and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 37–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9493-0 (In English)
Kondratyev, M. Yu. (2011) “Znachimyj drugoj”: slagaemye mezhlichnostnoj znachimosti [“Significant other”: Components of interpersonal significance]. Sotsial’naya psikhologiya i obshchestvo — Social Psychology and Society, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 17–28. (In Russian)
Kronik, A. A., Kronik, E. A. (1989) V glavnykh rolyakh: Vy, My, On, Ty, Ya: Psikhologiya znachimykh otnoshenij [In the main roles: You, We, He, You, Me: Psychology of significant relations]. Moscow: Mysl’ Publ., 204 p. (In Russian)
Kutuzova, D. A. (2006) Organizatsiya deyatel’nosti i stil’ samoregulyatsii kak faktory professional’nogo vygoraniya pedagoga-psikhologa [Organization of activity and style of self-regulation as factors of professional burnout of a teacher-psychologist]. PhD dissertation (Psychology). Moscow, Sholokhov Moscow State University for Humanities, 213 p. (In Russian)
Leontiev, D. A. (1999) Psikhologiya smysla: priroda, stroenie i dinamika smyslovoj realnosti [Psychology of meaning: Nature, structure and dynamics of meaningful reality]. Moscow: Smysl Publ., 487 p. (In Russian)
Leontiev, D. A., Suchkov, D. D. (2015) Postanovka i dostizhenie tselej kak faktor psikhologicheskogo blagopoluchiya [Setting and achieving goals as a factor of psychological well-being]. Psikhologicheskie issledovaniya — Psychological Studies, vol. 8, no. 44. [Online]. Available at: http://psystudy.ru/index.php/num/2015v8n44/300-leontiev44. html (accessed 24.12.2024). (In Russian)
Lerner, R. M. (1982) Children and adolescents as producers of their own development. Developmental Review, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 342–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(82)90018-1 (In English)
Levison, D., Maynes, M. J., Vavrus, F. (eds.). (2021) Children and youth as subjects, objects, agents: Innovative approaches to research across space and time. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan Publ., 277 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63632-6 (In English)
McLanahan, S., Adams, J. (1989) The effects of children on adults’ psychological well-being: 1957–1976. Social Forces, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 124–146. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579223 (In English)
Miklyaeva, A. V. (2014) Psikhologiya mezhvozrastnykh otnoshenij [Psychology of age-graded relations]. Moscow: Pero Publ., 159 p. (In Russian)
Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., Lyubomirsky, S. (2014) The pains and pleasures of parenting: When, why, and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being? Psychological Bulletin, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 846–895. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035444 (In English)
Nelson-Coffey, S. K., Stewart, D. (2019) Well-being in parenting. In: M. H. Bornstein (ed.). Handbook of parenting. Vol. 3. Being and becoming a parent. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge Publ., pp. 596–619. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429433214-17 (In English)
Ng, J. Y. Y., Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. et al. (2012) Self-determination theory applied to health contexts: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612447309 (In English)
Nomaguchi, K., Milkie, M. A. (2020) Parenthood and well-being: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 198–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12646 (In English)
Osin, E. N. (2012) Izmerenie pozitivnykh i negativnykh emotsij: razrabotka russkoyazychnogo analoga metodiki PANAS [Measuring positive and negative affect: Development of a Russian-language analogue of PANAS]. Psikhologiya. Zhurnal Vysshej shkoly ekonomiki — Psychology. Journal of Higher School of Economics, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 91–110. (In Russian)
Osin, E. N., Leontiev, D. A. (2017) Diagnostika perezhivanij v professional’noj deyatel’nosti: validizatsiya metodiki [Assessment of subjective experiences at work: Validation of an instrument]. Organizatsionnaya psikhologiya — Organizational Psychology, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 30–51. (In Russian)
Osin, E. N., Leontiev, D. A. (2020) Kratkie russkoyazychnye shkaly diagnostiki sub’ektivnogo blagopoluchiya: psikhometricheskie kharakteristiki i sravnitel’nyj analiz [Brief Russian-language instruments to measure subjective well-being: Psychometric properties and comparitive analysis]. Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya: ekonomicheskie i sotsial’nye peremeny — Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes, no. 1 (155), pp. 117–142. https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2020.1.06 (In Russian)
Salmina, A. V., Karpinsky, K. V., Bojko, S. L. (2024) Razrabotka i aprobatsiya psikhodiagnosticheskoj metodiki “Shkala sovladaniya s besplodiem” [Development and testing of the psychodiagnostic method “Scale of coping with infertility”]. Reproduktivnoe zdorov’e. Vostochnaya Evropa — Reproductive Health. Eastern Europe, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 338–346. https://doi.org/10.34883/pi.2024.14.3.004 (In Russian)
Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., Foster, C. A. (2003) Parenthood and marital satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 574–583. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00574.x (In English)
Umberson, D., Pudrovska, T., Reczek, C. (2010) Parenthood, childlessness, and well-being: A life course perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 612–629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00721.x (In English)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Konstantin V. Karpinski
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The work is provided under the terms of the Public Offer and of Creative Commons public license Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). This license allows an unlimited number of persons to reproduce and share the Licensed Material in all media and formats. Any use of the Licensed Material shall contain an identification of its Creator(s) and must be for non-commercial purposes only.
