Specific features of modern children’s and adolescents’ self-esteem
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2686-9527-2021-3-2-128-139Keywords:
self-esteem, aspirations level, adolescents, children, gender differences, age differencesAbstract
Personality changes are inextricably linked with the transformations taking place in the surrounding world. Self-esteem, as one of the basic psychological constructs of a person, also undergoes various transformations over time. In addition to the environment, factors which have an impact on self-esteem and self-attitude include age, gender and related gender roles. The views of scientists on the dynamics and characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ self-esteem are often contradictory. Furthermore, data on gender differences in self-attitude obtained from Russian samples are insufficient, since this issue is mainly studied by foreign researchers. The purpose of our study is, therefore, to assess the self-esteem of modern children and adolescents from the perspective of the gender-age approach.
The study involved 97 children (46 girls, 51 boys) from Saint Petersburg. The respondents were divided into groups according to their age. The results of the empirical study have shown a significant age difference in self-esteem between primary school children and younger adolescents. No statistically significant difference between boys and girls was observed. By the end of adolescence, respondents exhibited an increase in self-esteem, self-confidence and self-worth. The level of aspirations remains high among all considered age groups. Modern adolescents demonstrate an average level of self-acceptance. It was not possible to identify any significant difference between the self-esteem of younger schoolchildren and younger adolescents.
Thus, we can say that modern children’s and adolescents’ self-esteem differs depending on their age and is characterised by specific age-related features. The study also revealed noticeable contradictions in the data obtained with the help of different measuring instruments. Such contradictions may be caused both by the specifics of the methods and by the difference in the studied phenomena. Therefore, further research in this area is required.
References
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
Белозерова, Л. А., Поляков, С. Д., Жидяева, О. О. (2018) Социокультурные особенности поколения Z: опыт эмпирического исследования. Поволжский педагогический поиск, № 3, с. 16–23.
Бороздина, Л. В. (1985) Исследование уровня притязаний. М.: Изд-во МГУ, 103 с.
Бороздина, Л. В. (2011) Сущность самооценки и ее соотношение с Я-концепцией. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 14. Психология, № 1, с. 54–65.
Бороздина, Л. В., Залученова, Е. А. (1993) Увеличение индекса тревожности при расхождении уровней самооценки и притязаний. Вопросы психологии, № 1, с. 104–113.
Бороздина, Л. В., Капник, Т. М. (2002) Реакция на фрустрацию при соответствии и несоответствии уровней самооценки и притязаний. В кн.: Б. С. Братусь, Д. А. Леонтьев (ред.). Ученые записки кафедры общей психологии МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова. Вып. 1. М.: Смысл, с. 308–326.
Выготский, Л. С. (1982) Собрание сочинений: в 6 т. Т. 2. Проблемы общей психологии. М.: Педагогика, 504 с.
Клецина, И. С. (2004) Психология гендерных отношений. Диссертация на соискание степени доктора психологических наук. СПб., РГПУ им. А. И. Герцена, 39 с.
Кулакова, А. Б. (2018) Поколение Z: теоретический аспект. Вопросы территориального развития, № 2 (42), статья 6. https://doi.org/10.15838/tdi.2018.2.42.6
Молчанова, О. Н. (2016) Самооценка: теоретические проблемы и эмпирические иссл0едования. М.: Флинта, 392 c.
Молчанова, О. Н. (2006) Самооценка: стабильность или изменчивость? Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики, т. 3, № 2, с. 23–51.
Пантилеев, С. Р., Столин, В. В. (1993) Методика исследования самоотношения. М.: Смысл, 32 с. (Психодиагностическая серия. № 7).
Прихожан, А. М. (1988) Применение методов прямого оценивания в работе школьного психолога. В кн.: И. В. Дубровина (ред.). Научно-методические основы использования в школьной психологической службе конкретных психодиагностических методик. М.: АПН СССР, с. 110–118.
Румянцева, Т. В. (2006) Методика «Кто Я?». В кн.: Т. В. Румянцева. Психологическое консультирование: диагностика отношений в паре. СПб.: Речь, с. 82–103.
Столин, В. В. (1985) Познание себя и отношение к себе в структуре самосознания личности. Диссертация на соискание степени доктора психологических наук. М., МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова, 530 с.
Столин, В. В., Пантилеев, С. Р. (1988) Опросник самоотношения. В кн.: Практикум по психодиагностике: Психодиагностические материалы. М.: Изд-во МГУ, с. 123–130.
Чеснокова, И. И. (1977) Проблема самосознания в психологии. М.: Наука, 144 с.
Allgood-Merten, B., Stockard, J. (1991) Sex role identity and self-esteem: A comparison of children and adolescents. Sex Roles, vol. 25, no. 3-4, pp. 129–139.
Bleidorn, W., Arslan, R. C., Denissen, J. J. A. et al. (2016) Age and gender differences in self-esteem — a cross-cultural window. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 396–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000078
Branden, N. (1994) The six pillars of self-esteem. New York: Bantam Books, 341 p.
Connell, J. P., Spencer, M. B., Aber, J. L. (1994) Educational risk and resilience in African-American youth: Context, self, action, and outcomes in school. Child Development, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 493–506. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00765.x
Demo, D. H. (1992) The self-concept over time: Research issues and directions. Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 18, pp. 303–326. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.001511
Feather, N. T. (1991) Human values, global self-esteem, and belief in a just world. Journal of Personality, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 83–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00769.x
Greene, A. L., Wheatley, S. M. (1992) “I’ve got a lot to do and I don’t think I’ll have the time”: Gender differences in late adolescents’ narratives of the future. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 667–686.
Huang, C. (2010) Mean-level change in self-esteem from childhood through adulthood: Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Review of General Psychology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020543
Kaplan, H. B. (1975) Self-attitudes and deviant behavior. Pacific Palisades, CA: Goodyear Books, 185 p.
Kling, K. C., Hyde, J. S., Slowers, C. J., Buswell, B. N. (1999) Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, vol. 125, no. 4, pp. 470–500. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.4.470
Orth, U., Erol, R. Y., Luciano, E. C. (2018) Development of self-esteem from age 4 to 94 years: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, vol. 144, no. 10, pp. 1045–1080. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000161
Orth, U., Robins, R. W. (2014) The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547414
Rosenberg, M. (1965) Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 340 p.
Wylie, R. C. (1974) The self-concept. Vol. 1: A review of methodological considerations and measuring instruments. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 433 p.
Wylie, R. C. (1979) The self-concept. Vol. 2: Theory and research on selected topics. Lincoln, NE; London: University of Nebraska Press, 825 p.
Zuckerman, M., Li, C., Hall, J. A. (2016) When men and women differ in self-esteem and when they don’t: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, vol. 64, pp. 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.007
REFERENCES
Allgood-Merten, B., Stockard, J. (1991) Sex role identity and self-esteem: A comparison of children and adolescents. Sex Roles, vol. 25, no. 3-4, pp. 129–139. (In English)
Belozerova, L. A., Polyakov, S. D., Zhidyaeva, O. O. (2018) Sotsiokul’turnye osobennosti pokoleniya Z: opyt empiricheskogo issledovaniya [Social and cultural features of the generation Z: Empirical research experience]. Povolzhskij pedagogicheskij poisk — Volga Region Pedagogical Search, no. 3, pp. 16–23. (In Russian)
Bleidorn, W., Arslan, R. C., Denissen, J. J. A. et al. (2016) Age and gender differences in self-esteem — a cross-cultural window. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 396–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000078 (In English)
Borozdina, L. V. (1985) Issledovanie urovnya prityazanij [Research of the level of aspiration]. Moscow: Moscow University Press, 103 p. (In Russian)
Borozdina, L. V. (2011) Sushchnost’ samootsenki i ee sootnoshenie s Ya-kontseptsiej [The essence of “Samootsenka” and How it is related with the Self-Concept]. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya — The Moscow University Herald. Series 14. Psychology, no. 1, pp. 54–65. (In Russian)
Borozdina, L. V., Kapnik, T. M. (2002) Reaktsiya na frustratsiyu pri sootvetstvii i nesootvetstvii urovnej samootsenki i prityazanij [Reaction to frustration at matching and non-matching levels of self-esteem and aspirations]. In: B. S. Bratus’, D. A. Leont’ev (eds.). Uchenye zapiski kafedry obshchej psikhologii MGU im. M. V. Lomonosova [Scientific notes of the Department of General Psychology of Lomonosov Moscow State University]. Iss. 1. Moscow: Smysl Publ., pp. 308–326. (In Russian)
Borozdina, L. V., Zaluchenova, E. A. (1993) Uvelichenie indeksa trevozhnosti pri raskhozhdenii urovnej samootsenki i prityazanij [An increase in the anxiety index with different levels of self-esteem and aspiration]. Voprosy psychologii, no. 1, pp. 104–113. (In Russian)
Branden, N. (1994) Six pillars of self-esteem. New York: Bantam Books, 341 p. (In English)
Chesnokova, I. I. (1977) Problema samosoznaniya v psikhologii [The problem of self-awareness in psychology]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 144 p. (In Russian)
Connell, J. P., Spencer, M. B., Aber, J. L. (1994) Educational risk and resilience in African-American youth: Context, self, action, and outcomes in school. Child Development, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 493–506. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00765.x (In English)
Demo, D. H. (1992) The self-concept over time: Research issues and directions. Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 18, pp. 303–326. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.001511 (In English)
Feather, N. T. (1991) Human values, global self-esteem, and belief in a just world. Journal of Personality, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 83–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00769.x (In English)
Greene, A. L., Wheatley, S. M. (1992) “I’ve got a lot to do and I don’t think I’ll have the time”: Gender differences in late adolescents’ narratives of the future. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 667–686. (In English)
Huang, C. (2010) Mean-level change in self-esteem from childhood through adulthood: Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Review of General Psychology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020543 (In English)
Kaplan, H. B. (1975) Self-attitudes and deviant behavior. Pacific Palisades: Goodyear Books, 185 p. (In English)
Klecina, I. S. (2004) Psikhologiya gendernykh otnoshenij [Psychology of gender relationships]. PhD dissertation (Psychology). Saint Petersburg, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 39 p. (In Russian)
Kling, K. C., Hyde, J. S., Slowers, C. J., Buswell, B. N. (1999) Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, vol. 125, no. 4, pp. 470–500. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.4.470 (In English)
Kulakova, A. B. (2018) Pokolenie Z: teoreticheskij aspect [Generation Z: Theoretical aspect]. Voprosy territorial’nogo razvitiya — Territorial Development Issues, no. 2 (42), article 6. https://doi.org/10.15838/tdi.2018.2.42.6 (In Russian)
Molchanova, O. N. (2006) Samootsenka: stabil’nost’ ili izmenchivost’? [Self-esteem: Stability or mutability?]. Psikhologiya. Zhurnal Vysshej shkoly ekonomiki — Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 23–51. (In Russian)
Molchanova, O. N. (2016) Samootsenka: teoreticheskie problemy i empiricheskie issledovaniya [Self-esteem: Theoretical problems and empirical research]. Moscow: Flinta Publ., 392 p. (In Russian) Orth, U., Erol, R. Y., Luciano, E. C. (2018) Development of self-esteem from age 4 to 94 years: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, vol. 144, no. 10, pp. 1045–1080. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000161 (In English)
Orth, U., Robins, R. W. (2014) The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547414 (In English)
Pantileev, S. R., Stolin, V. V. (1993) Metodika issledovaniya samootnosheniya [Methods of self-attitude research]. Мoscow: Smysl Publ., 32 p. (Psikhodiagnosticheskaya seriya [Psychodiagnostic series]. No. 7). (In Russian)
Prihozhan, A. M. (1988) Primenenie metodov pryamogo otsenivaniya v rabote shkol’nogo psikhologa [Application of direct assessment methods in the work of a school psychologist]. In: I. V. Dubrovina (ed.). Nauchno-metodicheskie osnovy ispol’zovaniya v shkol’noj psikhologicheskoj sluzhbe konkretnykh psikhodiagnosticheskikh metodik [Scientific and methodological foundations for the use of specific psychodiagnostic techniques in the school psychological service]. Moscow: PAS USSR Publ., pp. 110–118. (In Russian)
Rosenberg, M. (1965) Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 340 p. (In English)
Rumyantseva, T. V. (2006) Metodika “Kto Ya?” [Methodology “Who am I?”]. In: T. V. Rumyantseva. Psikhologicheskoe konsul’tirovanie: diagnostika otnoshenij v pare [Psychological counseling: Diagnosing of relationships in a couple]. Saint Petersburg: Rech’ Publ., pp. 82–103. (In Russian)
Stolin, V. V. (1985) Poznanie sebya i otnoshenie k sebe v strukture samosoznaniya lichnosti [Self-knowledge and self-attitude in the structure of self-consciousness of the individual]. PhD dissertation (Psychology). Moscow, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 530 p. (In Russian)
Stolin, V. V., Pantileev, S. R. (1988) Oprosnik samootnosheniya [Self-attitude questionnaire]. In: Praktikum po psikhodiagnostike: Psikhodiagnosticheskie materialy [Workshop on psychodiagnostics: Psychodiagnostic materials]. Moscow: Moscow University Press, pp. 123–130. (In Russian)
Vygotskij, L. S. (1982) Sobranie sochinenij: v 6 t. T. 2. Problemy obshchej psikhologii [Collected works: In 6 vols. Vol. 2. Problems of general psychology]. Moscow: Pedagogika Publ., 504 p. (In Russian)
Wylie, R. C. (1974) The self-concept. Vol. 1: A review of methodological considerations and measuring instruments. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 433 p. (In English)
Wylie, R. C. (1979) The self-concept. Vol. 2: Theory and research on selected topics. Lincoln, NE; London: University of Nebraska Press, 825 p. (In English)
Zuckerman, M., Li, C., Hall, J. A. (2016) When men and women differ in self-esteem and when they don’t: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, vol. 64, pp. 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.007 (In English)
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Anna A. Gorokhova, Natalya L. Somova, Elena S. Kirichik
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The work is provided under the terms of the Public Offer and of Creative Commons public license Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). This license allows an unlimited number of persons to reproduce and share the Licensed Material in all media and formats. Any use of the Licensed Material shall contain an identification of its Creator(s) and must be for non-commercial purposes only.
