Empathy in doctors, medical students and psychology students: Validation of the Russian-language version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2686-9527-2024-6-2-223-236Keywords:
empathy, Jefferson Scale of Empathy, cognitive empathy, affective empathy, empathy of students, empathy of doctors, dynamic regulatory systemsAbstract
Introduction. The characteristics of the emotional and cognitive spheres in the structure of an individual’s intellectual and personal potential constitute an important issue of modern psychology. Empathy is an important element of such potential, and it can be studied from different methodological positions. In Russian psychology, there are no questionnaires to assess the level of empathy among healthcare workers. The lack of such questionnaires encouraged us to select and adapt a foreign questionnaire for assessing empathy in the medical field. The study seeks to deepen the understanding of empathy and has the following objectives: 1) to test the Russian-language version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) on a Russian sample; 2) to measure and compare the level of empathy among doctors, medical students and psychology students in Russia; and 3) to substantiate the inclusion of empathy in multi-level personality hierarchies regulated by dynamic regulatory systems.
Materials and Methods. Empathy was measured by the Jefferson Scale of Empathy and the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (Russian adaptation by A. I. Belousova, M. R. Geyvandova). The sample consisted of 355 people: 125 medical students, 100 doctors and 130 psychology students.
Results. The Russian version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy was confirmed to have a three-factor structure, similar to the original English version, with the scales ‘perspective taking’, ‘compassionate сare’, ‘standing in the patients’ shoes’. Their convergent validity with the scales of the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy was demonstrated. Psychology students showed more empathy than medical students and doctors.
Conclusions. The obtained data makes it possible to conclude that the Russian version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy has satisfactory psychometric properties. The results suggest that empathy can be included in multilevel personality hierarchies governed by dynamic regulatory systems.
References
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
Басин, Е. Я. (1987) Творчество и эмпатия. Вопросы философии, № 2, с. 54–66.
Белоусова, А. И., Гейвандова, М. Р. (2021) Когнитивная и аффективная эмпатия: Апробация опросника на российской выборке. Вестник Московского государственного областного университета. Серия: Психологические науки, № 2, с. 6–20. https://doi.org/10.18384/2310-7235-2021-2-6-20
Билибин, А. Ф., Царегородцев, Г. И. (1973) О клиническом мышлении. М.: Медицина, 168 с.
Богачева, О. Ю. (2013) Эмпирическое исследование проблемы влияния эмпатии на деятельность врачей (на примере врачей-терапевтов и врачей-хирургов). Психология и Психотехника, т. 2, № 53, с. 196–202. EDN: QAEKOF
Карягина, Т. Д., Иванова, А. В. (2013) Эмпатия как способность: Структура и развитие в ходе обучения психологическому консультированию. Консультативная психология и психотерапия, т. 4, № 79, с. 182–207. EDN: RPJZOT
Корнилова, Т. В. (2022a) Единство интеллекта и аффекта в множественной регуляции эмпатии. Национальный психологический журнал, т. 1, № 45, с. 94–103. https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2022.0108
Корнилова, Т. В. (2022b) Эмпатия в структурах интеллектуально-личностного потенциала: единство интеллекта и аффекта. Психологический журнал, т. 43, № 3, с. 57–68. https://doi.org/10.31857/S020595920020496-1
Корнилова, Т. В., Чжоу, Ц. (2021) Эмпатия и имплицитные теории эмоций и личности (на китайской выборке). Вестник Московского университета. Серия 14. Психология, № 1, с. 108–133. https://doi.org/10.11621/vsp.2021.01.05
Корнилова, Т. В., Чумакова, М. А., Корнилов, С. А., Новикова, М. А. (2010) Психология неопределенности: Единство интеллектуально-личностного потенциала человека. М.: Смысл, 334 с.
Крюкова, Е. А., Корнилова, Т. В. (2022) Эмпатия и отношение к неопределенности и риску у российских врачей. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Психология, т. 12, № 3, с. 24–34. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2022.306
Крюкова, Е. А., Шестова, М. А. (2020) Эмоциональный интеллект в структуре интеллектуально-личностного потенциала человека: черта или способность? (адаптация краткой версии опросника TEIQue-SF). Национальный психологический журнал, т. 4, № 40, с. 18–30. EDN: RPGYEH
Павлова, Е. М., Корнилова, Т. В., Красавцева, Ю. В., Богачева, Н. В. (2019) Личностный профиль и регуляция принятия решений лицами медицинских специальностей: От студента до практикующего врача. Вестник РГГУ. Серия «Психология. Педагогика. Образование», № 2, с. 97–115. EDN: ORUZDU
Райгородский, Д. Я. (ред.). (2001) Практическая психодиагностика. Методики и тесты. Самара: Бахрах-М, 672 с.
Харисова, Р. Р. (2012) Сравнительный анализ личностных особенностей и типов эмпатии как профессиональных качеств врачей-психиатров и психиатров-психотерапевтов. Психология и Психотехника, т. 6, № 45, с. 39–43. EDN: QAEJQJ
Braun, S., Rosseel, Y., Kempenaers, C. et al. (2015) Self-report of empathy: A shortened French adaptation of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) using two large Belgian samples. Psychological Reports, vol. 117, no. 3, pp. 735–753. https://doi.org/10.2466/08.02.PR0.117c23z6
Decety, J., Jackson, P. L. (2004) The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 71–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582304267187
Han, P. K. J. (2021) Medical uncertainty: Putting flesh on the bones. Patient Education and Counseling, vol. 104, no. 11, pp. 2603–2605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.09.001
Hojat, M., DeSantis, J., Shannon, S. C. et al. (2018) The Jefferson scale of empathy: A nationwide study of measurement properties, underlying components, latent variable structure, and national norms in medical students. Advances in Health Sciences Educational, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 899–920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-018-9839-9
Hojat, M., LaNoue, M. (2014) Exploration and confirmation of the latent variable structure of the Jefferson scale of empathy. International Journal of Medical Education, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 73–81. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.533f.0c41
Hojat, M., Mangione, S., Nasca, T. J. et al. (2001) The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Data. Educational and Psychological Measurement, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131640121971158
Kornilova, T., Pavlova, E., Krasavtseva, Y. (2021) The relationship between risk, the dark triad traits, and empathy. European Psychiatry, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 440–441. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1175
Kornilova, T., Zhou, Q. (2021) Cross-cultural comparison of relationships between empathy and implicit theories of emotions (in Chinese and Russians). Behavioral Sciences, vol. 11, no. 10, article 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11100137
Krasnov, E., Kryukova, E., Kotlovskiy, M. (2021) Empathy and personality traits of medical doctors working in the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 287–296. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2021-2-287-296
Lamm, C., Bukowski, H., Silani, G. (2016) From shared to distinct self–other representations in empathy: Evidence from neurotypical function and socio-cognitive disorders. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Biological Sciences, vol. 371, no. 1686, article 20150083. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0083
Louwen, C., Reidlinger, D., Milne, N. (2023) Profiling health professionals’ personality traits, behaviour styles and emotional intelligence: A systematic review. BMC Medical Education, vol. 23, no. 1, article 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04003-y
Petrides, K. V., Furnham, A. (2001) Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 425–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.416
REFERENCES
Basin, E. Ya. (1987) Tvorchestvo i empatiya [Creativity and empathy]. Voprosy filosofii, no. 2, pp. 54–66. (In Russian)
Belousova, A. I., Gejvandova, M. R. (2021) Kognitivnaya i affektivnaya empatiya: aprobatsiya oprosnika na rossijskoj vyborke [Cognitive and affective empathy: Approbation of the questionnaire on a Russian sample]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. Seriya: Psikhologicheskie nauki—Bulletin of the Moscow State Region University. Series: Psychology, no. 2, pp. 6–20. https://doi.org/10.18384/2310-7235-2021-2-6-20 (In Russian)
Bilibin, A. F., Tsaregorodtsev, G. I. (1973) O klinicheskom myshlenii [About clinical thinking]. Moscow: Meditsina Publ., 168 p. (In Russian)
Bogacheva, O. Yu. (2013) Empiricheskoe issledovanie problemy vliyaniya empatii na deyatel’nost’ vrachej (na primere vrachej-terapevtov i vrachej-khirurgov) [An empirical study of the problem of the influence of empathy on the activities of doctors (using the example of internists and surgeons)]. Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika — Psychology and Psychotechnics, vol. 2, no. 53, pp. 196–202. EDN: QAEKOF (In Russian)
Braun, S., Rosseel, Y., Kempenaers, C. et al. (2015) Self-report of empathy: A shortened French adaptation of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) using two large Belgian samples. Psychological Reports, vol. 117, no. 3, pp. 735–753. https://doi.org/10.2466/08.02.PR0.117c23z6 (In English)
Decety, J., Jackson, P. L. (2004) The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 71–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582304267187 (In English)
Han, P. K. J. (2021) Medical uncertainty: Putting flesh on the bones. Patient Education and Counseling, vol. 104, no. 11, pp. 2603–2605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.09.001 (In English)
Hojat, M., DeSantis, J., Shannon, S. C. et al. (2018) The Jefferson scale of empathy: A nationwide study of measurement properties, underlying components, latent variable structure, and national norms in medical students. Advances in Health Sciences Educational, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 899–920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-018-9839-9 (In English)
Hojat, M., LaNoue, M. (2014) Exploration and confirmation of the latent variable structure of the Jefferson scale of empathy. International Journal of Medical Education, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 73–81. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.533f.0c41 (In English)
Hojat, M., Mangione, S., Nasca, T. J. et al. (2001) The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Data. Educational and Psychological Measurement, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131640121971158 (In English)
Kane, G. C., Gotto, J. L., Mangione, S. et al. (2007) Jefferson scale of patient’s perceptions of physician empathy: Preliminary psychometric data. Croatian Medical Journal, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 81–86. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17309143 (In English)
Karyagina, T. D., Ivanova, A. V. (2013) Empatiya kak sposobnost’: Struktura i razvitie v khode obucheniya psikhologicheskomu konsul’tirovaniyu [Empathy as an ability: Structure and development in the process psychological counseling training]. Konsul’tativnaya psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya — Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy, vol. 4, no. 79, pp. 182–207. EDN: RPJZOT (In Russian)
Kharisova, R. R. (2012) Sravnitel’nyj analiz lichnostnykh osobennostej i tipov empatii kak professional’nykh kachestv vrachej-psikhiatrov i psikhiatrov-psikhoterapevtov [Comparative analysis of personality traits and types of empathy as professional qualities of psychiatrists and psychiatrists-psychotherapists]. Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika — Psychology and Psychotechnics, vol. 6, no. 45, pp. 39–43. EDN: QAEJQJ (In Russian)
Kornilova, T. V. (2022a) Edinstvo intellekta i affekta v mnozhestvennoj regulyatsii empatii [The unity of intelligence and a ect in multidimensional regulation of empathy]. Natsional’nyj psikhologicheskij zhurnal— National Psychological Journal, vol. 1, no. 45, pp. 94–103. https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2022.0108 (In Russian)
Kornilova, T. V. (2022b) Empatiya v strukturakh intellektual’no-lichnostnogo potentsiala: edinstvo intellekta i affekta [Empathy in intellectual and personal potential structure: Intelligence and affect unity]. Psikhologicheskij zhurnal, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 57–68. https://doi.org/10.31857/S020595920020496-1 (In Russian)
Kornilova, T. V., Chumakova, M. A., Kornilov, S. A., Novikova, M. A. (2010) Psikhologiya neopredelennosti: edinstvo intellektual’no-lichnostnogo potentsiala cheloveka [The psychology of uncertainty: The unity of the intellectual and personal potential of a person]. Moscow: Smysl Publ., 334 p. (In Russian)
Kornilova, T., Pavlova, E., Krasavtseva, Y. (2021) The relationship between risk, the dark triad traits, and empathy. European Psychiatry, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 440–441. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1175 (In English)
Kornilova, T. V., Zhou, Q. (2021) Empatiya i implitsitnye teorii emotsij i lichnosti (na kitajskoj vyborke) [Empathy and implicit theories of emotions and personality in a Chinese sample]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya —Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 14. Psychology, no. 1, pp. 108–133. https://doi.org/10.11621/vsp.2021.01.05 (In Russian)
Kornilova, T., Zhou, Q. (2021) Cross-cultural comparison of relationships between empathy and implicit theories of emotions (in Chinese and Russians). Behavioral Sciences, vol. 11, no. 10, article 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11100137 (In English)
Krasnov, E., Kryukova, E., Kotlovskiy, M. (2021) Empathy and personality traits of medical doctors working in the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 287–296. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2021-2-287-296 (In English)
Kryukova, E. A., Kornilova, T. V. (2022) Empatiya i otnoshenie k neopredelennosti i risku u rossijskikh vrachej [Empathy and attitude to uncertainty and risk-readiness in Russian doctors]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Psikhologiya — Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 24–34. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2022.306 (In Russian)
Kryukova, E. A., Shestova, M. A. (2020) Emotsional’nyj intellekt v strukture intellektual’no-lichnostnogo potentsiala cheloveka: cherta ili sposobnost’? (adaptatsiya kratkoj versii oprosnika TEIQue-SF) [Emotional intelligence in the structure of a person’s intellectual and personal potential: Trait or ability? (adaptation of the short version of the TEIQue-SF questionnaire)]. Natsional’nyj psikhologicheskij zhurnal — National Psychological Journal, vol. 4, no. 40, pp. 18–30. EDN: RPGYEH (In Russian)
Lamm, C., Bukowski, H., Silani, G. (2016) From shared to distinct self–other representations in empathy: Evidence from neurotypical function and socio-cognitive disorders. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Biological Sciences, vol. 371, no. 1686, article 20150083. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0083 (In English)
Louwen, C., Reidlinger, D., Milne, N. (2023) Profiling health professionals’ personality traits, behaviour styles and emotional intelligence: A systematic review. BMC Medical Education, vol. 23, no. 1, article 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04003-y (In English)
Pavlova, E. M., Kornilova, T. V., Krasavtseva, Yu. V., Bogacheva, N. V. (2019) Lichnostnyj profil’ i regulyatsiya prinyatiya reshenij litsami meditsinskikh spetsial’nostej: Ot studenta do praktikuyushchego vracha [Personal profile and decision-making regulation in medical specialties: From a student to a medical practitioner]. Vestnik RGGU. Seriya “Psikhologiya. Pedagogika. Obrazovanie” — RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. “Psychology. Pedagogics. Education” Series, no. 2, pp. 97–115. EDN: ORUZDU (In Russian)
Petrides, K. V., Furnham, A. (2001) Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 425–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.416 (In English)
Rajgorodskij, D. Ya. (ed.). (2001) Prakticheskaya psikhodiagnostika. metodiki i testy [Practical psychodiagnostics. methods and tests]. Samara: Bakhrakh-M Publ., 672 p. (In Russian)
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Ekaterina A. Kryukova
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The work is provided under the terms of the Public Offer and of Creative Commons public license Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). This license allows an unlimited number of persons to reproduce and share the Licensed Material in all media and formats. Any use of the Licensed Material shall contain an identification of its Creator(s) and must be for non-commercial purposes only.