School shootings as a multi-faceted phenomenon: Social-ecological model-based review [Вооруженные нападения в школах как многоаспектное явление: анализ на основе социо-экологической модели]

Авторы

  • Ксения Козлов Фонд «Поддержим мир детей»

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33910/2686-9527-2020-2-4-349-357

Ключевые слова:

социально-экологическая модель, стрельба в школах, массовое убийство, приступ гнева, насилие в школах, оружейная культура, пол, воспитание детей

Аннотация

Вооруженные нападения в учебных заведениях являются одной из злободневных проблем современного общества. В каждом случае кровопролитной стрельбы в школах переплетаются внешне не связанные друг с другом факторы: социальное благополучие семьи, безопасность среды проживания, относительное спокойствие ребенка, достаточная охрана школьного здания, отсутствие видимых причин. При этом важной задачей представляется выявление признаков приближающегося приступа гнева. По статистике ФБР, так называемые «безумные стрелки», включая тех, что совершают вооруженные нападения в учебных заведениях, обычно не имеют каких-либо примечательных особенностей: лишь 25% из них страдают психическим заболеванием, оружие в большинстве случаев приобретается законно, а от события-триггера до приступа гнева проходит примерно год. При этом друзья, родственники и представители социальных служб чаще всего не замечают достаточно значимых признаков неадекватного поведения, чтобы заявить о них в соответствующие инстанции. Даже если таковые были замечены, проверки и обследования не приводят к каким-либо результатам (Silver, Simons, Craun 2018). Проблемы выявления такого типа вооруженных преступников объясняются сложностью и противоречивостью предпосылок преступления и их взаимовлияния. Среди них можно выделить следующие: насилие как фактор внешней среды; проявление ненависти, поведение, ущемляющее права или унижающее достоинство определенных социальных групп; жесткая конкуренция; недостатки физической формы и/или внешности; одобрение ношения оружия обществом; излишне повышенное внимание общественности к случаям вооруженных нападений на учебные заведения; специфика социального окружения и подходов к воспитанию. Однако под действием этих факторов может оказаться любой человек или группа людей, которые никогда в жизни не помышляли и не будут помышлять о преступлении.

Профилактика и предотвращение вооруженных нападений в учебных заведениях невозможны без выявления совокупности наиболее значимых факторов риска, а также изучения каждого набора таких факторов в уникальном для них контексте. 

В статье в рамках социо-экологической модели представлен обзор наиболее распространенных факторов, обусловливающих феномен вооруженного нападения в учебных заведениях. Основное внимание уделяется наиболее значимым факторам каждого из четырех уровней социо-экологической модели: социум, сообщество, межличностные отношения и личность.

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30.12.2020

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